Publication Type	Review
Authors	Aaron R, Racine J, Dyke J
Journal	Curr Rheumatol Rep
Volume	19
Issue	8
Pagination	49
Date Published	08/01/2017
ISSN	1534-6307
Keywords	Bone and Bones, Cartilage, Articular, Hemodynamics, Osteoarthritis
Abstract	PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review describes the contributions of abnormal bone circulation to the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Combining dynamic imaging with MRI and PET with previous observations reveals that venous stasis and a venous outlet syndrome is most likely the key circulatory pathology associated with the initiation or progression of osteoarthritis. RECENT FINDINGS: MRI and PET have revealed that venous outflow obstruction results in physicochemical changes in subchondral bone to which osteoblasts are responsive. The osteoblasts express an altered pattern of cytokines, many of which can serve as structural or signaling molecules contributing to both bone remodeling and cartilage degeneration. The patterns of circulatory changes are associated with alterations in the physicochemical environment of subchondral bone, including hypoxia. Osteoblast cytokines can transit the subchondral bone plate and calcified cartilage and communicate with chondrocytes.
DOI	10.1007/s11926-017-0660-x
PubMed ID	28718064