Publication Type	Academic Article
Authors	Leopold P, Ferris B, Grinberg I, Worgall S, Hackett N, Crystal R
Journal	Hum Gene Ther
Volume	9
Issue	3
Pagination	367-78
Date Published	02/10/1998
ISSN	1043-0342
Keywords	Adenoviridae, Carbocyanines, Fluorescent Dyes, Gene Transfer Techniques, Genetic Vectors
Abstract	The pathogenic agent, adenovirus (Ad), has taken on a new role as a vector for gene transfer in both laboratory and clinical settings. To help understand the intracellular pathways and fate of Ad gene transfer vectors, we covalently conjugated fluorophores to E1-, E3- Ad vectors and used quantitative fluorescence microscopy to assess essential steps of Ad vector gene transfer to the A549 human epithelial lung cell line including binding, internalization, escape from endosomes, translocation to the nucleus, dissociation of capsids and gene expression. The data demonstrate that Ad internalizes with a t1/2 2.5 min, breaks out of endosomes early, likely prior to endosome-endosome fusion, exhibits sustained, intracellular velocities averaging 0.58 microm/sec, and translocates to the nucleus with >80% of internalized fluorophore demonstrating nuclear localization within 60 min of infection. Interestingly, 24 hr after infection, half of the initially internalized fluorescence was detected but lacked nuclear localization, suggesting that the capsid is released from the nucleus and is likely degraded. Fluorescent labeling of virions provides a novel quantitative, morphological strategy to characterize the interaction of gene transfer vectors with the intracellular environment.
DOI	10.1089/hum.1998.9.3-367
PubMed ID	9508054